The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a set of symbols that linguists use to describe the sounds of spoken languages.
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CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral Fricative
Approximant
Lateral Approximant
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
OTHER SYMBOLS
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
VOWELS
Front
Central
Back
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
DIACRITICS
Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, for example Voiceless Velar Nasal
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Phonetician
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
CONTOUR
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020)
2020 IPA
Typefaces: Times New Roman (metatext); unitipa (symbols)
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020)
2020 IPA
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
OTHER SYMBOLS
VOWELS
Front
Central
Back
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
DIACRITICS
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress
Long
Half-long
Extra-short
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
CONTOUR
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Bilabial
Dental
(Post)alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Alveolar lateral
Examples:
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Velar
Alveolar fricative
Voiceless labial-velar fricative
Voiced labial-velar approximant
Voiced labial-palatal approximant
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Voiced epiglottal fricative
Epiglottal plosive
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Simultaneous
and
Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Breathy voiced
Creaky voiced
Linguolabial
Labialized
Palatalized
Velarized
Pharyngealized
Velarized or pharyngealized
Raised
Lowered
Advanced Tongue Root
Retracted Tongue Root
Voiceless
Voiced
Aspirated
More rounded
Less rounded
Advanced
Retracted
Centralized
Mid-centralized
Syllabic
Non-syllabic
Rhoticity
Dental
Apical
Laminal
Nasalized
Nasal release
Lateral release
No audible release
( = voiced alveolar fricative)
( = voiced bilabial approximant)
Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
Extra
high
High
Mid
Low
Extra
low
Downstep
Upstep
Rising
Falling
High
rising
Low
rising
Rising-
falling
Global rise
Global fall
or
or
Typefaces: Times New Roman (metatext); unitipa (symbols)